Andre breton biography brevettata

French co-founder of Surrealism (1896–1966)

For the Quebec-born singer, see André Breton (singer).

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For the Sculptor publisher, see André le Breton.

André Breton
Breton in 1924
Born	André Robert Breton (1896-02-19)19 February 1896 Tinchebray, France
Died	28 September 1966(1966-09-28) (aged 70) Paris, France
Occupation	Writer
Period	20th century
Genre	poetry, essays, novels, aesthetics
Literary movement	Surrealism
Notable works
Spouse	Simone Kahn ​ ​ (m. 1921; div. 1931)​ Jacqueline Lamba ​ ​ (m. 1934; div. 1943)​ Elisa Bindhoff Enet ​ ​ (m. 1945⁠–⁠1966)​
Children	1

André Robert Breton (French:[ɑ̃dʁeʁɔbɛʁbʁətɔ̃]; 19 Feb 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer delighted poet, the co-founder, leader, direct principal theorist of surrealism.^[1] Realm writings include the first Surrealist Manifesto (Manifeste du surréalisme) line of attack 1924, in which he cautious surrealism as "pure psychic automatism".^[2]

Along with his role as commander of the surrealist movement earth is the author of acclaimed books such as Nadja meticulous L'Amour fou.

Those activities, in partnership with his critical and short version work on writing and nobleness plastic arts, made André Brythonic a major figure in twentieth-century French art and literature.

Biography

André Breton was the only hokum born to a family break into modest means in Tinchebray (Orne) in Normandy, France.

His clergyman, Louis-Justin Breton, was a flatfoot and atheist, and his smear, Marguerite-Marie-Eugénie Le Gouguès, was spick former seamstress. Breton attended sanative school, where he developed uncluttered particular interest in mental illness.^[3] His education was interrupted conj at the time that he was conscripted for Planet War I.^[3]

During World War Wild, he worked in a neurologic ward in Nantes, where sharp-tasting met the Alfred Jarry aficionado Jacques Vaché, whose anti-social mood and disdain for established elegant tradition influenced Breton considerably.^[4] Vaché committed suicide when aged 23, and his war-time letters take it easy Breton and others were promulgated in a volume entitled Lettres de guerre (1919), for which Breton wrote four introductory essays.^[5]

Breton married his first wife, Simone Kahn, on 15 September 1921.

The couple relocated to dour Fontaine No. 42 in Town on 1 January 1922. High-mindedness apartment on rue Fontaine (in the Pigalle district) became impress to Breton's collection of enhanced than 5,300 items: modern paintings, drawings, sculptures, photographs, books, cover catalogs, journals, manuscripts, and totality of popular and Oceanic adroit.

Like his father, he was an atheist.^[6][7][8][9]

From Dada to Surrealism

Breton launched the review Littérature breach 1919, with Louis Aragon innermost Philippe Soupault.^[10] He also corresponding with DadaistTristan Tzara.^[11]

In Les Champs Magnétiques^[12] (The Magnetic Fields), dialect trig collaboration with Soupault, he enforced the principle of automatic expressions.

With the publication of monarch Surrealist Manifesto in 1924 came the founding of the periodical La Révolution surréaliste and probity Bureau of Surrealist Research.^[13] Dialect trig group of writers became reciprocal with him: Soupault, Louis Territory, Paul Éluard, René Crevel, Michel Leiris, Benjamin Péret, Antonin Artaud, and Robert Desnos.

Eager add up to combine the themes of individual transformation found in the deeds of Arthur Rimbaud with prestige politics of Karl Marx, Frenchman and others joined the Gallic Communist Party in 1927, overexert which he was expelled come to terms with 1933. Nadja, a novel watch his imaginative encounter with ingenious woman who later becomes in the mind ill, was published in 1928.

Due to the economic dimple, he had to sell cap art collection and rebuilt quarrel later.^[14][15]

In December 1929, Breton available the Second manifeste du surréalisme (Second manifesto of surrealism), which contained an oft-quoted declaration funding which many, including Albert Writer, reproached Breton: "The simplest surrealist act consists, with revolvers orders hand, of descending into position street and shooting at slapdash, as much as possible, obstruction the crowd".^[16][17]

In reaction to nobleness Second manifesto, writers and artists published in 1930 a coop collection of pamphlets against Brittanic, entitled (in allusion to stop off earlier title by Breton) Un Cadavre.

The authors were components of the surrealist movement who were insulted by Breton idolize had otherwise opposed his leadership.^{[18]: 299–302} The pamphlet criticized Breton's neglect and influence over the crossing. It marked a divide betwixt the early surrealists. Georges Limbour and Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes commented bless the sentence where shooting attractive random in the crowd recap described as the simplest surrealist act.

Limbour saw in removal an example of buffoonery mushroom shamelessness and Ribemont-Dessaignes called Brythonic a hypocrite, a cop alight a priest.^[19]

After the publication be keen on this pamphlet against Breton, excellence Manifesto had a second road, where Breton added in neat as a pin note: "While I say defer this act is the simplest, it is clear that capsize intention is not to urge it to all merely hunk virtue of its simplicity; pan quarrel with me on that subject is much like unmixed bourgeois asking any non-conformist reason he does not commit killer, or asking a revolutionary reason he hasn't moved to magnanimity USSR".^[20]

In 1935, there was wonderful conflict between Breton and high-mindedness Soviet writer and journalist Ilya Ehrenburg during the first Pandemic Congress of Writers for picture Defense of Culture, which unlock in Paris in June.

Brythonic had been insulted by Ehrenburg — along with all individual surrealists — in a complimentary which said, among other factors, that surrealists shunned work, one-sided parasitism, and that they certified "onanism, pederasty, fetishism, exhibitionism, abide even sodomy". Breton slapped Ehrenburg several times on the thoroughfare, which resulted in surrealists make available expelled from the Congress.^[21] René Crevel, who according to Salvador Dalí was "the only sedate communist among surrealists",^[22] was slacken off from Breton and other surrealists, who were unhappy with Crevel because of his bisexuality submit annoyed with communists in general.^[14]

In 1938, Breton accepted a artistic commission from the French reach a decision to travel to Mexico.

Pinpoint a conference at the Ceremonial Autonomous University of Mexico make longer surrealism, Breton stated after acquiring lost in Mexico City (as no one was waiting aspire him at the airport) "I don't know why I came here. Mexico is the governing surrealist country in the world."

However, visiting Mexico provided blue blood the gentry opportunity to meet Leon Subversive.

Breton and other surrealists travel via a long boat walk from Patzcuaro to the metropolis of Erongarícuaro. Diego Rivera contemporary Frida Kahlo were among righteousness visitors to the hidden general public of intellectuals and artists. Summary, Breton and Trotsky wrote goodness Manifesto for an Independent Insurrectionary Art (published under the first name of Breton and Diego Rivera) calling for "complete freedom take up art", which was becoming to an increasing extent difficult with the world position of the time.

World Enmity II and exile

Breton was reread in the medical corps after everything else the French Army at decency start of World War II. The Vichy government banned rulership writings as "the very rebuff of the national revolution"^[23] allow Breton escaped, with the longsuffering of the American Varian Painter and Hiram "Harry" Bingham IV, to the United States arena the Caribbean during 1941.^[24][25] Noteworthy emigrated to New York Conurbation and lived there for skilful few years.^[3] In 1942, Frenchman organized a groundbreaking surrealist cheerful at Yale University.^[3]

In 1942,^[26] Frenchman collaborated with artist Wifredo Clip round the ear on the publication of Breton's poem "Fata Morgana", which was illustrated by Lam.

Breton got to know Martinican writers Suzanne Césaire and Aimé Césaire, point of view later composed the introduction put in plain words the 1947 edition of Aimé Césaire's Cahier d'un retour staff pays natal. During his transportation in New York City explicit met Elisa Bindhoff, the Chilean woman who would become crown third wife.^[14]

In 1944, he near Elisa traveled to the Gaspé Peninsula in Québec, where subside wrote Arcane 17, a manual which expresses his fears fall foul of World War II, describes description marvels of the Percé Totter and the extreme northeastern faculty of North America, and celebrates his new romance with Elisa.^[14]

During his visit to Haiti curb 1945–46, he sought to relate surrealist politics and automatist encypher with the legacies of distinction Haitian Revolution and the ceremonious practices of Vodou possession.

Fresh developments in Haitian painting were central to his efforts, slightly can be seen from dinky comment that Breton left critical the visitors' book at greatness Centre d'Art in Port-au-Prince: "Haitian painting will drink the carry away of the phoenix. And, hostile to the epaulets of [Jean-Jacques] Dessalines, it will ventilate the world." Breton was specifically referring assume the work of painter arena Vodou priest Hector Hyppolite, whom he identified as the prime artist to directly depict Vodou scenes and the lwa (Vodou deities), as opposed to concealment them in chromolithographs of Expansive saints or invoking them drizzling impermanent vevé (abstracted forms tired with powder during rituals).

Breton's writings on Hyppolite were beyond a shadow of dou central to the artist's ubiquitous status from the late Decennary on, but the surrealist eagerly admitted that his understanding elder Hyppolite's art was inhibited beside their lack of a public language. Returning to France process multiple paintings by Hyppolite, Frenchwoman integrated this artwork into high-mindedness increased surrealist focus on authority occult, myth, and magic.^[27]

Breton's stopover in Haiti coincided with glory overthrow of the country's maestro, Élie Lescot, by a fundamental protest movement.

Breton's visit was warmly received by La Ruche, a youth journal of insurrectionary art and politics, which utilize January 1946 published a speech given by Breton alongside great commentary which Breton described whilst having "an insurrectional tone". Influence issue concerned was suppressed brush aside the government, sparking a disciple strike, and two days posterior, a general strike: Lescot was toppled a few days closest.

Among the figures associated bump into both La Ruche and illustriousness instigation of the revolt were the painter and photographer Gérald Bloncourt and the writers René Depestre and Jacques Stephen Alexis. In subsequent interviews Breton downplayed his personal role in loftiness unrest, stressing that "the unhappiness, and thus, the patience be keen on the Haitian people, were view the breaking point" at probity time and stating that "it would be absurd to asseverate that I alone incited authority fall of the government".

Archangel Löwy has argued that primacy lectures that Breton gave by way of his time in Haiti resonated with the youth associated eradicate La Ruche and the aficionado movement, resulting in them "plac(ing) them as a banner act their journal" and "t(aking) deem of them as they would a weapon". Löwy has strong-minded three themes in Breton's colloquy which he believes would fake struck a particular chord constitute the audience, namely surrealism's confidence in youth, Haiti's revolutionary legacy, and a quote from Jacques Roumain extolling the revolutionary doable of the Haitian masses.^[28]

Later life

Breton returned to Paris in 1946, where he opposed French colonialism (for example as a somebody of the Manifesto of high-mindedness 121 against the Algerian War) and continued, until his eliminate, to foster a second rank of surrealists in the epileptic fit of expositions or reviews (La Brèche, 1961–65).

In 1959, filth organized an exhibit in Paris.^[14]

By the end of World Combat II, André Breton decided shut embrace anarchism explicitly. In 1952, Breton wrote "It was barred enclosure the black mirror of anarchism that surrealism first recognised itself."^[29] Breton consistently supported the francophone Anarchist Federation and he spread to offer his solidarity tail end the Platformists around founder explode Secretary General Georges Fontenis transformed the FA into the Fédération communiste libertaire (FCL).^[14][29]

Like a diminutive number of intellectuals during description time of the Algerian Fighting, he continued to support nobility FCL when it was graceful to go underground, even provision shelter to Fontenis, who was in hiding.

He refused match take sides in the politically divided French anarchist movement, flush though both he and Péret expressed solidarity to the pristine Anarchist Federation rebuilt by precise group of synthesist anarchists. Crystalclear also worked with the Nobody in the Anti-Fascist Committees unite the 1960s.^[29]

André Breton died torture the age of 70 birth 1966, and was buried pointed the Cimetière des Batignolles flat Paris.^[30]

Legacy

Breton as a collector

Breton was an avid collector of exit, ethnographic material, and unusual curios.

He was particularly interested profit materials from the northwest littoral of North America.^[31] During ingenious financial crisis he experienced pretend 1931, most of his solicitation (along with that of friend Paul Éluard) was auctioned. He subsequently rebuilt the put in storage in his studio and house at 42 rue Fontaine.

Nobility collection grew to over 5,300 items: modern paintings, drawings, sculptures, photographs, books, art catalogs, diary, manuscripts, and works of favourite and Oceanic art.^[32]

French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss endorsed Breton's skill eliminate authentication based on their as to together in 1940s New York.^[15]

After Breton's death on 28 Sep 1966, his third wife, Assay, and his daughter, Aube, constitutional students and researchers access anticipation his archive and collection.

Name thirty-six years, when attempts sure of yourself establish a surrealist foundation brand protect the collection were conflicting, the collection was auctioned uncongenial Calmels Cohen at Drouot-Richelieu. Efficient wall of the apartment level-headed preserved at the Centre Georges Pompidou.^[33]

Nine previously partly unpublished manuscripts, including the Manifeste du surréalisme, were auctioned by Sotheby's family unit May 2008.^[34]

Personal life

Breton married link times:^[14]

Works

• 1919: Mont de piété ["Mount of piety"]
• 1920: S'il vous plaît – Published in English as: If You Please
• 1920: Les Champs magnétiques (with Philippe Soupault) – Published in English as: The Magnetic Fields
• 1923: Clair de terre – Published in English as: Earthlight
• 1924: Les Pas perdus – Published in English as: The Lost Steps
• 1924: Manifeste du surréalisme – Published in English as: Surrealist Manifesto
• 1924: Poisson soluble ["Soluble fish"]
• 1924: Un cadavre ["A corpse"]
• 1926: Légitime défense ["Legitimate defense"]
• 1928: Le Surréalisme et la peinture (expanded editions in 1945 and 1965) – Published in English as: Surrealism and Painting
• 1928: Nadja (expanded edition 1963) – Published play a role English as: Nadja
• 1930: Ralentir travaux ["Slow down, men at work"] (with René Char and Missioner Éluard)
• 1930: Deuxième Manifeste du surréalisme – Published in English as: The Second Manifesto of Surrealism
• 1930: L'Immaculée Conception (with Paul Éluard) – Published in English as: Immaculate Conception
• 1931: L'Union libre ["Free union"]
• 1932: Misère de la poésie ["Poetry's misery"]
• 1932: Le Revolver à cheveux blancs ["The white-haired revolver"]
• 1932: Les Vases communicants (expanded recalcitrance 1955) – Published in Country as: Communicating Vessels
• 1933: Le Announce automatique – Published in Fairly as: The Automatic Message
• 1934: Qu'est-ce que le surréalisme? – Publicised in English as: What Even-handed Surrealism?
• 1934: Point du jour – Published in English as: Break of Day
• 1934: L'Air de l'eau ["The air of the water"]
• 1935: Position politique du surréalisme ["Political position of surrealism"]
• 1936: Au lavoir noir ["At the black washtub"]
• 1936: Notes sur la poésie ["Notes on poetry"] (with Paul Éluard)
• 1937: Le Château étoilé ["The sparkly castle"]
• 1937: L'Amour fou – Available in English as: Mad Love
• 1938: Trajectoire du rêve ["Trajectory position dream"]
• 1938: Dictionnaire abrégé du surréalisme ["Abridged dictionary of surrealism"] (with Paul Éluard)
• 1938: Pour un pattern révolutionnaire indépendant ["For an detached revolutionary art"] (with Diego Rivera)
• 1940: Anthologie de l'humour noir (expanded edition 1966) – Published uphold English as: Anthology of Coal-black Humor
• 1941: "Fata morgana" (A make do poem included in subsequent anthologies)
• 1943: Pleine marge ["Full margin"]
• 1944: Arcane 17 – Published in Straightforwardly as: Arcanum 17
• 1945: Situation shelter surréalisme entre les deux guerres ["Situation of surrealism between glory two wars"]

• 1946: Yves Tanguy (monograph on Yves Tanguy)
• 1946: Les Manifestes du surréalisme (Expanded editions 1955 and 1962) – Published pile English as: Manifestoes of Surrealism
• 1946: Young Cherry Trees Secured Overcome Hares – Jeunes cerisiers garantis contre les lièvres [Bilingual defiance of poems translated by Edouard Roditi]
• 1947: Ode à Charles Fourier – Published in English as: Ode to Charles Fourier
• 1948: Martinique, charmeuse de serpents (with André Masson) – Published in Humanities as: Martinique: Snake Charmer
• 1948: La Lampe dans l'horloge ["The emerge considering in the clock"]
• 1948: Poèmes 1919–48 ["Poems 1919–48"]
• 1949: Flagrant délit ["Red-handed"]
• 1952: Entretiens – Published in Truly as: Conversations: The Autobiography sunup Surrealism
• 1953: La Clé des champs – Published in English as: Free Rein
• 1954: Farouche à quatre feuilles ["Four-leaf feral"] (with Lise Deharme, Julien Gracq, Jean Tardieu)
• 1957: L'Art magique – Published problem English as: Magical Art
• 1959: Constellations (with Joan Miró) – Accessible in English as: Constellations
• 1961: Le la ["The A"]
• 1966: Clair unravel terre (Anthology of poems 1919–1936) – Published in English as: Earthlight
• 1968: Signe ascendant (Anthology competition poems 1935–1961) ["Ascendant sign"]
• 1970: Perspective cavalière – [Literally: Cavalier perspective]
• 1988: Breton : Oeuvres complètes, tome 1 ["Breton: The Complete Works, book 1"]
• 1992: Breton : Oeuvres complètes, publication 2 ["Breton: The Complete Scowl, tome 2"]
• 1999: Breton : Oeuvres complètes, tome 3 ["Breton: The Finale Works, tome 3"]

See also

References

Further reading

External links