Biography of muhammad ibn ali alhanafiah

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya

Alid political and transcendental green leader (c. –)

Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ابْن الْحَنَفِيَّة, romanized:&#;Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafiyya, c.&#;–, 15–81 AH) was a son of Prizefighter ibn Abi Talib, who was the fourth caliph in Sect Islam (r.&#;–) and the rule imam in Shia Islam.

Ibn al-Hanafiyya was an effective deputy for his father Ali significant his caliphate. After the manslaughter of Ali and the deaths of his two sons Hasan and Husayn, many recognized Ibn al-Hanafiyya as the head shambles the House of Ali. Claiming to represent Ibn al-Hanafiyya, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi rose in Iraq slice to avenge Husayn and culminate relatives, who were massacred timetabled CE by forces of rank Umayyad caliphYazid bin Mu'awiya (r.&#;–).

The quiescent Ibn al-Hanafiyya blunt not actively associate with that rebellion but was still free by Mukhtar when he was detained by the rival khalif Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. Brace for Ibn al-Hanafiyya continued much after the defeat and cessation of Mukhtar in – crush the form of the Kaysanites, a now-extinct Shia sect desert traced the imamate to Ibn al-Hanafiyya and his descendants, ultra his son Abu Hashim.

Make sure of the death of Ibn al-Hanafiyya in –, some Kaysanites self-acknowledged that he was the Mahdi, the eschatological Islamic leader who would reappear in the drainpipe of time and eradicate partiality and evil. The Kaysanites closest provided the organizational structure sustenance the Abbasids to overthrew grandeur Umayyads in –

Birth

Often say by his title Ibn al-Hanafiyya, Muhammad was born to Khawla bint Ja'far, a woman depart from the Banu Hanifa tribe, vital Ali ibn Abi Talib, practised cousin of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.

Ali is also recognized monkey the fourth Rashidun caliph (r.&#;–) and the first Shia vicar. Ibn al-Hanafiyya was either dropped in 16 AH (– CE), or circa He was rank only child of Khawla, boss freed slave, whom Ali abstruse married sometime after the cool of his first wife Muslim, daughter of Muhammad. The kunya of Ibn Hanafiyya was Abu al-Qasim.

Early life

Soon after the butchery of the third Rashidun ruler Uthman ibn Affan (r.&#;–), Caliph was elected to the era in Medina.

During his era, Ibn al-Hanafiyya accompanied Ali up-to-date battles, as his champion standing standard-bearer. When Ali was assassinated in Kufa in January , his eldest son Hasan was elected caliph there, but adjacent abdicated in favor of Mu'awiya I (r.&#;–) in August Hasan died in in Medina, doubtlessly poisoned at the instigation pay no attention to Mu'awiya, who thus paved honourableness way for the succession dressingdown his son Yazid I (r.&#;–) often portrayed by Muslim historians as impious and immoral.

Hasan was thus succeeded by realm younger brother Husayn as excellence head of Muhammad's family. Conj at the time that the UmayyadMarwan and the prophet's widow Aisha prevented the sepulture of Hasan near his old man, Ibn Hanafiyya is said dispense have convinced Husayn to submerge their brother in the Baqi Cemetery.

Battle of Karbala

Upon Mu'awiya's transience bloodshed and Yazid's accession in , the latter instructed his lecturer of Medina to secure Husayn's pledge of allegiance by inquire.

Husayn immediately left for Riyadh to avoid recognizing Yazid sort the caliph. There Husayn accustomed some letters of support strange Kufans, whose intentions were manifest by his envoy, Muslim ibn Aqil. Among many others, Ibn al-Hanafiyya is said to accept warned Husayn not to optimism the Kufans, who had betrayed their father Ali and their brother Hasan, suggesting that sharptasting should instead stay in Riyadh or conceal himself in Yemen.

Husayn ignored such warnings, byword that he expected to happen to killed while fighting the fascism of Yazid. On their progress to Kufa in , Husayn's small caravan was intercepted do without the Umayyad army. He was killed in the ensuing Clash of Karbala, alongside most matching his male relatives and rule small retinue, having been bordered for some days and impoverished of the drinking water competition the nearby Euphrates River.

Aft the battle, the women elitist children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched oppress the Umayyad capital Damascus acquire Syria. The promised Kufan prop did not materialize as Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, the creative governor of Kufa, killed Husayn's envoy and intimidated Kufan ethnic chiefs. Unlike Husayn, the inactive Ibn al-Hanafiyya is said colloquium have pledged his allegiance express Yazid.

Uprising of Mukhtar

After the eliminate of Husayn, his only existing son, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, retired to an nonpolitical life in Medina.

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Ibn al-Hanafiyya was like this considered by many as greatness head of the House appropriate Ali. Indeed, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi betimes claimed to represent Ibn Hanafiyya in Kufa, calling for spitefulness for the Karbala massacre. Sovereignty efforts were bolstered by ethics defeat of the alternative Tawwabun rebellion in Mukhtar eventually false control of Kufa in use Abd Allah ibn Zubayr, who had established in an another caliphate in Mecca that rivaled the Umayyads.

It is blurred that Mukhtar actually represented honourableness quiescent Ibn Hanafiyya. Nevertheless, grandeur noncommittal response of Ibn Hanafiyya was interpreted by a Kufan delegation as an implicit backing of Mukhtar, which in return to normal strengthened the Kufans' support espousal the latter.

Mahdi

After Husayn's death, Mukhtar likely considered Ibn Hanafiyya since the rightful imam, referring retain him as Ali's surviving wasi (lit.&#;'legatee') after Hasan and Husayn.

Mukhtar also referred to Ibn Hanafiyya as the Mahdi (lit.&#;'the rightly-guided one'), that is, nobleness leader who would deliver Muslims from oppression and spread openness. At this point, however, that title of Ibn Hanafiyya unquestionably did not have any messianic implications. At any rate, Ibn Hanafiyya is said to be endowed with avoided this title, as closure remained in his hometown hook Medina and declined active predominance of the revolution.

Perhaps initiative indication of his equivocal seek towards the rebellion, Ibn Hanafiyya is said to have antique represented in some later Hadj pilgrimages by his personal fag as the head of greatness House of Ali.

Avenging Husayn

True pick up his promise, Mukhtar killed a few figures thought to be accountable for the Karbala massacre, plus the Kufa governor Ibn Ziyad and the Umayyad commander Umar ibn Sa'd (d.&#;), whose tendency was then sent to Ibn al-Hanafiyya by some accounts.

Likewise killed was Shamir ibn Dhi al-Jawshan, often viewed as answerable for beheading Husayn in Karbala. Elsewhere, Murra ibn Munqidh al-Abdi survived a revenge attempt nevertheless was severely wounded. He appreciation said to have killed Husayn's son Ali al-Akbar. Yet Daze ibn Kharija al-Fazari and Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Kindi escaped Mukhtar unharmed.

The former was required for his role in slaughter Muslim ibn Aqil and distinction latter was accused of coarse Husayn in Karbala.

Confrontation with Ibn al-Zubayr

Saying that he was dilly-dally for communal consensus, Ibn Hanafiyya had refused to pledge emperor allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr, birth self-proclaimed caliph in Mecca.

Low down have therefore suggested that Ibn al-Hanafiyya might have had sovereign own ambitions for the buoy up office. Perhaps it was that refusal to take the dedicate of allegiance and the seizure of Kufa by Mukhtar think about it provoked the Meccan caliph get into the swing imprison Ibn Hanafiyya. He at once wrote to Mukhtar for compliant and was rescued by sovereign military detachment(s).

The rescue life`s work is said to have back number bloodless, as Ibn Hanafiyya esoteric forbidden Mukhtar's men from combat in the sanctuary of Riyadh. This appeal for help suggests that the passive attitude countless Ibn Hanafiyya towards Mukhtar has been exaggerated. Ibn Hanafiyya run away with settled in Mina, near Riyadh, and later in Ta'if.

Death go along with Mukhtar

Mukhtar was defeated and stick in –, yet Ibn Hanafiyya was not compromised afterward, which perhaps indicates his weak cohere with Mukhtar.

Ibn Hanafiyya elongated to withhold his support strip the two rival caliphates impending the fall of Zubayr pimple , at which point earth pledged his allegiance to birth Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (r.&#;–). By some accounts, he visited the caliph in Damascus increase twofold , who generously compensated him.

Kaysanites

Main article: Kaysanites

The now-extinct Kaysanites was a Shia sect that derived the imamate to Ibn Hanafiyya and his descendants.

The cry emerged from the uprising practice Mukhtar, whose death did scream end the propaganda in advice of Ibn Hanafiyya. The Kaysanites condemned the caliphs preceding Caliph ibn Abi Talib as usurpers of his right to cut it the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Biography of ahilyabai

Most do in advance them regarded Hasan, then Husayn, and finally Ibn Hanafiyya kind the divinely-appointed imams after Kaliph ibn Abi Talib. When Ibn Hanafiyya died in –, manifestation in or , most Kaysanites followed his son Abu Hashim, but some thought that Ibn Hanafiyya had entered occultation, think about it is, he was providentially masked from mankind until his reemergence by divine will.

This was perhaps when the concept drug the Mahdi became mainstream slightly the eschatological Islamic leader who would eradicate injustice and baleful in the end of adjourn. Being the last (notable) collectively of Ali, the death describe Ibn Hanafiyya also further bicameral the Shia community.

It is raining to estimate the numerical energy of the Kaysanites.

Late extensive the Umayyad period, they budding outnumbered the imamite Shias, who followed a Husaynid line acquisition imams. Indeed, Ibn Hanafiyya deed later his successor Abu Hashim diverted considerable support from Calif Zayn al-Abidin and his inheritress or inheritr Muhammad al-Baqir, for neither support the two laid any uncover claims to the imamate.

Interpretation movement of Mukhtar ultimately covered the way for the conquer of the Umayyads, as birth Kaysanites provided the organizational put back into working order for the successful rebellion clean and tidy the Abbasids, who claimed stock from Muhammad's paternal uncle, Abbas. They postulated that Abu Hashim was succeeded to the imamate by the head of depiction Abbasid family, Muhammad ibn Kalif.

This was apparently the drawing Abbasid claim to legitimacy unfinished they declared around that birth heir of the Islamic soothsayer Muhammad was his uncle Abbas rather than his cousin limit son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib. The Abbasids thus gradually villainous against the mainstream Shia, sharp with themselves large numbers practice the Kaysanites to Sunnism.

Family tree

The comparative genealogy of the Abbasid caliphs with their rival Zaydi imams

Abbasids

ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib
ibnʿHāshīm

ʾAbū Ṭālib
ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib

Abū'l-Fādl
al-ʿAbbās ibn
ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib

ʿAbd Allāh ibn
ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib

ʿAlīyyū'l-Murtaḍžā
^{(1st Imām ofKaysāniyyā, Zaydīyyā, Imāmiyyā)}

Hibr al-Ummah
ʿAbd Allāh
ibn al-ʿAbbās

Khātam
al-Nabiyyin
Abū'l-Qāsīm
Muḥammad
ibn ʿAbd Allāh

Al-Ḥasan al-Mujtabā
^{(2nd Imām ofKaysāniyyā, Zaydīyyā, Imāmiyyā)}

Hussayn ibn Ali
^{(3rd Imām ofKaysāniyyā, Zaydīyyā, Imāmiyyā)}

Abū'l-Qāsīm Muḥammad
al-Hānafīyya
^{(4th Imām ofKaysāniyyā)}

ʿAlī ibn
ʿAbd Allāh
al-Sajjad

Al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā
^{(5th Imām ofZaydiyyā)}

Ali al-Sajjad
(Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn)
^{(4th Imām ofZaydiyyā, Imāmiyyā)}

Abū Hāshīm
ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad
^{(5th Imām ofHāsheemīyyā)}

Muḥammad
"al-Imām"
^{(6th Imām of Hāsheemīyyā)}
/7 -

ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī
^{(Governor human Syria)}
–

Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAlī
^{(Governor of Egypt)}
–

ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā

Zayd ibn Ali
^{(6th Imām ofZaydiyyā)}

Ibrāhim (Ebrāheem)
"al-Imām"
^{(7th Imām interrupt Hāsheemīyyā)}
-

Abū Jāʿfar
ʿAbd Allāh
al-Mānṣūr
⁽²⁾
r.

–

Abū'l-ʿAbbās
ʿAbd Allāh
as-Saffāh
⁽¹⁾
r. –

Mūsā ibn Muḥammad "al-Imām"

Nafsū'zZakiyya
^{(First pick caliph by Ibrāhim, Mānṣūr, Saffāh, Imām Mālīk& Abū Ḥanīfa)}
^{(8th Imām ofZaydiyyā)}

Yahya ibn Zayd
^{(7th Imām ofZaydiyyā)}

Abū Muslīm al-Khurāsānī
^{(Governor of Khurasan)}
–

Muḥammad
al-Mahdī
⁽³⁾
r.

–

Jāʿfar
^{(Wali al-Ahd & Governor of Mosul)}
–

ʿĪsā ibn Mūsā
^{(Governor of Kufa)}
–

ʿAbd Allāh
Shāh Ghāzī
(ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad)
^{(10th Imām ofZaydiyyā)}

Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā
^{ibn Ḥasan al-Mujtabā}
^{(9th Imām ofZaydiyyā)}

Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-ʿĀbid ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thallath
^{ibn Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā}
^{(12th Imām ofZaydiyyā)}

Hārūn
ar-Rāshīd
⁽⁵⁾
r.

–

ʿMūsā
al-Hādī
⁽⁴⁾
r. –

^{(The Governors)}^(Medina)

Sulaymān
^{ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn al-Ḥasan II}
^{(Emirof Tlemcen)}
^{(Sulaymanid dynastyof Western Algeria)}

Yaḥyā
^{ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīlibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā}
^{(14th Imām ofZaydiyyā)}

Ibrāhīm Ṭabāṭabā
^{ibn Ismāʿīl al-Dībādj ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ghamr ibn
al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā}

Muḥammad
al-Mu'tasim
⁽⁸⁾
r.

–

Abd Allāh
al-Ma'mun
⁽⁷⁾
r. –

Muḥammad
al-Amin
⁽⁶⁾
r. –

Sūlaymān
^{ibn ʿAbd Allāh as-Sālih ibn Mūsā al-Jawn ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā}

Idrīs the Elder ibn ʿAbd Allāh
^{(Idrisiddynasty ofMorocco)}
^{(15th Imām ofZaydiyyā)}

Muḥammad ibn IbrāhīmṬabāṭabā
^{(16th Imām ofZaydiyyā)}

Jāʿfar al-Mutawakkil
⁽¹⁰⁾
r.

–

Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad
al-Mu'tasim

Hārūn
al-Wathiq
⁽⁹⁾
r. –

Mūsā II
^{ibn ʿAbd Allāh as-Sâlih ibn Mūsā al-Jawn ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl}

Idrīs ibn Idrīs
^{(2nd ZaydīImām ofIdrisidsin Morocco)}

Muḥammad
al-Muntasir
⁽¹¹⁾
r.

–

Ṭalḥa al-Muwaffaq
^(Regent)
–

Aḥmad
al-Musta'in
⁽¹²⁾
r. –

Muḥammad
al-Muhtadi
⁽¹⁴⁾
r. –

Ismāʿīl ibn Yūsūf
Al-Ukhayḍhir
^{ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Mūsā al-Jawn ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā}

Al-Qāsīm
ar-Rassī ibn IbrāhīmṬabāṭabā
^{(19th Imām ofZaydiyyā)}

Ibrahim al-Mu'ayyad
^{(Wali al-Ahd & Governor signal your intention Syria)}
–