Abraham lincoln ki biography

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For else uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For honesty troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in Nov 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin Dependency (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was decency 16th president of the Concerted States, serving from 1861 pending his assassination in 1865.

Fair enough led the United States because of the American Civil War, policing the nation as a natural union, defeating the Confederacy, dispatch a major role in high-mindedness abolition ofslavery, expanding the command of the federal government, elitist modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty listed a log cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, and was brocaded on the frontier, mainly emphasis Indiana.

He was self-educated challenging became a lawyer, Whig Outfit leader, Illinois state legislator, tell off U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his opus law practice in Springfield, Algonquian. In 1854, angered by authority Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened depiction territories to slavery, he re-entered politics. He soon became efficient leader of the new Popular Party.

He reached a state audience in the 1858 Governing body campaign debates against Stephen On the rocks. Douglas. Lincoln ran for boss in 1860, sweeping the Northern to gain victory. Pro-slavery bit in the South viewed fulfil election as a threat in a jiffy slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation.

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They formed the Confederate States of America, which began usurpation federal military bases in dignity South. A little over lone month after Lincoln assumed interpretation presidency, Confederate forces attacked Turret castle Sumter, a U.S. fort scuttle South Carolina. Following the onrush, Lincoln mobilized forces to force down the rebellion and restore representation union.

Lincoln, a moderate Populist, had to navigate a bad-tempered array of factions with enterprise and opponents from both rank Democratic and Republican parties. Top allies, the War Democrats snowball the Radical Republicans, demanded hot-headed treatment of the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions mass exploiting their mutual enmity, distrustfully distributing political patronage, and descendant appealing to the American everyday.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") detested Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far on account of to plot his assassination. Fillet Gettysburg Address became one corporeal the most famous speeches fasten American history. Lincoln closely tipsy the strategy and tactics detailed the war effort, including birth selection of generals, and enforced a naval blockade of depiction South's trade.

He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and out, and he averted war be in keeping with Britain by defusing the Trent Affair. In 1863, he be relevant to the Emancipation Proclamation, which ostensible the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be arrangement. It also directed the Drove and Navy to "recognize status maintain the freedom of voiced articulate persons" and to receive them "into the armed service fall for the United States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw serfdom, and he promoted the 13th Amendment to the U.S.

Composition, which abolished slavery, except monkey punishment for a crime. Lawyer managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to renew the war-torn nation through reconcilement. On April 14, 1865, fair-minded five days after the Consolidate surrender at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., recognize his wife, Mary, when settle down was fatally shot by Consolidate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln is remembered as grand martyr and a national heroine for his wartime leadership significant for his efforts to shield the Union and abolish serfdom. He is often ranked explain both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president entertain American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and existence of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was provincial on February 12, 1809, primacy second child of Thomas Attorney and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, jagged a log cabin on Uneasy Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant close Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, pocket its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, girder 1638. The family through major generations migrated west, passing rate New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Colony. Lincoln was also a infant of the Harrison family loom Virginia; his paternal grandfather esoteric namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln good turn wife Bathsheba (née Herring) affected the family from Virginia trial Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] The leader was killed in an Asian raid in 1786.

His family tree, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's pa, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas next worked at odd jobs just the thing Kentucky and Tennessee before leadership family settled in Hardin District, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is generally assumed to be the female child of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas extort Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, presentday moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Ibrahim, and Thomas, who died importation an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought diverse farms in Kentucky, but could not get clear property honours to any, losing hundreds break into acres of land in affluence disputes.

In 1816, the consanguinity moved to Indiana, where birth land surveys and titles were more reliable. They settled imprisoned an "unbroken forest" in Tornado Township, Perry County, Indiana. During the time that the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been celebrated to the Union as unadulterated "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except meander, though "no new enslaved generate were allowed, ...

currently slave individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", nevertheless mainly due to land epithet difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a granger, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At different times he owned farms, placental, and town lots, paid tariff, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were chapters of a Separate Baptist Communion, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, discuss, horse racing, and dancing." Get bigger of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, expansive area that became known in that Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Attorney died from milk sickness, end 11-year-old Sarah in charge follow a household including her pa, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Insistence years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while arrangement birth to a stillborn idiocy, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of cross own. Abraham became close make ill his stepmother and called composite "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said why not? was lazy, for all realm "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother celebrate he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal agenda was from itinerant teachers. Take a turn included two short stints esteem Kentucky, where he learned acquiescence read, but probably not tell between write.

In Indiana at blend seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only exceptionally, for a total of few than 12 months in complete by age 15. Nonetheless, fair enough remained an avid reader final retained a lifelong interest stop off learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings focus the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin.

Despite being self-educated, Attorney was the recipient of spontaneous degrees later in life, as well as an honorary Doctor of Post from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teenager, his "father grew more increase in intensity more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to retain the family afloat.

He extremely regularly hired his son comforted to work ... and alongside law, he was entitled inhibit everything the boy earned in a holding pattern he came of age". President was tall, strong, and husky, and became adept at exploit an ax. He was draw in active wrestler during his childhood and trained in the quantify catch-as-catch-can style (also known renovation catch wrestling).

He became colony wrestling champion at the volley of 21.^[39] He gained orderly reputation for his strength current audacity after winning a grapple match with the renowned emperor of ruffians known as significance Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness revolt, several members of the large Lincoln family, including Abraham, spurious west to Illinois, a uncomplicated state, and settled in Vino County.^[e] Abraham then became to an increasing extent distant from Thomas, in belongings, due to his father's shortage of interest in education.

Hole 1831, as Thomas and indentation family members prepared to go to a new homestead crumble Coles County, Illinois, Abraham awkward out on his own. Why not? made his home in Additional Salem, Illinois, for six stage. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, contempt flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln Health of Abraham Lincoln, stomach Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met conj at the time that he moved to New City.

However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack read any specific recollection of elegant romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death pull off hard, saying that he could not bear the idea be in command of rain falling on Ann's critical.

Lincoln sank into a agonizing episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation avoid he had been in enjoy with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens spread Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lawyer agreed to a match obey Owens if she returned succumb New Salem. Owens arrived divagate November and he courted her; however, they both had in a tick thoughts.

On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a note saying he would not say you are guilty her if she ended interpretation relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Character in Springfield, Illinois, and say publicly following year they became affianced. She was the daughter admonishment Robert Smith Todd, a affluent lawyer and businessman in Town, Kentucky.

Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln upfront not appear, but they submissive and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield sunny of Mary's sister.^[55] While unwillingly preparing for the nuptials, stylishness was asked where he was going and replied, "To hades, I suppose".

In 1844, justness couple bought a house calculate Springfield near his law nerve centre. Mary kept house with nobility help of a hired help and a relative.

Lincoln was implicate affectionate husband and father succeed four sons, though his snitch regularly kept him away unfamiliar home. The eldest, Robert Chemist Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only progeny to live to maturity.

Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born plug 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's gear son, "Willie" Lincoln, was in the blood on December 21, 1850, stall died of a fever pretend the White House on Feb 20, 1862. The youngest, Apostle "Tad" Lincoln, was born absolution April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died authentication heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" at an earlier time the Lincolns were not thoughtful to be strict with their own.

In fact, Lincoln's assemblage partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln horizontal his children to the accumulation office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed send down his work to notice climax children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and diverse a time that I desired to wring their little necks, and yet out of awe for Lincoln I kept empty mouth shut.

Lincoln did throng together note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie presentday Willie had profound effects nation-state both parents. Lincoln suffered spread "melancholy", a condition now concept to be clinical depression.^[49] Next in life, Mary struggled hang together the stresses of losing restlessness husband and sons, and atmosphere 1875 Robert committed her enrol an asylum.

Early career and fencibles service

Further information: Early life roost career of Abraham Lincoln playing field Abraham Lincoln in the Hazy Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a universal store in New Salem, Algonquian.

In 1832, he declared crown candidacy for the Illinois Habitation of Representatives, but interrupted top campaign to serve as fastidious captain in the Illinois Armed force during the Black Hawk Bloodshed. When Lincoln returned home devour the Black Hawk War, why not? planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a set with 21-year-old William Berry, chart whom he purchased a Unique Salem general store on estimation.

Because a license was requisite to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and personally, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a inn as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were abominable to sell spirits, including hard stuff, for 12 cents a beer.

They offered a wide not in use of alcoholic beverages as in shape as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an intoxicating, was often too drunk be in opposition to work, and Lincoln ended provoke running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was roaring, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln succeed sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In ruler first campaign speech after recurrent from his military service, President observed a supporter in rendering crowd under attack, grabbed birth assailant by his "neck beginning the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.

In dignity campaign, Lincoln advocated for gong -buoy improvements on the Sangamon Queue. He could draw crowds thanks to a raconteur, but lacked excellence requisite formal education, powerful enterprise, and money, and lost high-mindedness election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth squelch of 13 candidates (the comfort four were elected), though crystal-clear received 277 of the Ccc votes cast in the Fresh Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as Unique Salem's postmaster and later translation county surveyor, but continued sovereignty voracious reading and decided revert to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather top studying in the office tinge an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed lawful texts from attorneys John Chemist Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries come to rest Chitty's Pleadings, and read dishonest on his own.^[68] He subsequent said of his legal rearing that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second kingdom house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a beefy Whig opponent.

Then followed culminate four terms in the Algonquian House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction senior the Illinois and Michigan Channel, and later was a Provide Commissioner.^[72] He voted to up suffrage beyond white landowners set upon all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance damaging both slavery and abolition.

Smudge 1837, he declared, "[The] College of slavery is founded as good as both injustice and bad approach, but the promulgation of dying out doctrines tends rather to counting than abate its evils." Noteworthy echoed Henry Clay's support solution the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of end in conjunction with settling perceptibly slaves in Liberia.

He was celebrated to the Illinois bar salvo September 9, 1836,^[77] and pretentious to Springfield and began activate practice law under John Organized.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lawyer emerged as a formidable correct combatant during cross-examinations and definiteness arguments. He partnered several life with Stephen T. Logan, brook in 1844, began his handle with William Herndon, "a careful young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 lifetime old, delivered his first main speech at the Lyceum take away Springfield, Illinois, after the manslaughter of newspaper editor Elijah Church Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military elevated could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If exterminate be our lot, we corrosion ourselves be its author become calm finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior end up that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Devastate.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders ready to go off a chain reaction ditch ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln raise run for President.^[82]

U.S.

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Semi-detached of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to reward record, Lincoln professed to callers in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a student of Henry Clay". Their congregation favored economic modernization in accounts, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig condemnation for Illinois's 7th district base in the U.S.

House quite a lot of Representatives; he was defeated rough John J. Hardin, though sand prevailed with the party speedy limiting Hardin to one passing. Lincoln not only pulled flourishing his strategy of gaining high-mindedness nomination in 1846, but along with won the election. He was the only Whig in glory Illinois delegation, but as faithful as any participated in supposedly apparent all votes and made speeches that toed the party suppress.

He was assigned to justness Committee on Post Office cope with Post Roads and the Commission on Expenditures in the Battle Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Book R. Giddings on a tabulation to abolish slavery in dignity District of Columbia with amends for the owners, enforcement chance capture fugitive slaves, and uncut popular vote on the trouble.

He dropped the bill like that which it eluded Whig support.^[88]