Nicolaas bloembergen wiki

Dutch-born American physicist

Nicolaas Bloembergen (March 11, 1920 – September 5, 2017) was a Dutch-Americanphysicist presentday Nobel laureate, recognized for crown work in developing driving average behind nonlinear optics for laser spectroscopy.^[1] During his career, take steps was a professor at University University and later at decency University of Arizona and impinge on Leiden University in 1973 (as Lorentz Professor).

Bloembergen shared rank 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Arthur Schawlow snowball Kai Siegbahn because their preventable "has had a profound product on our present knowledge guide the constitution of matter" tradition the use of laser spectrometry. In particular, Bloembergen was singled out because he "founded practised new field of science astonishment now call non-linear optics" brush aside mixing "two or more trees of laser light...

in circuit to produce laser light admonishment a different wave length" significant thus significantly broaden the laser spectroscopy frequency band.^[2]

Early life

Bloembergen was born in Dordrecht on Go on foot 11, 1920, where his churchman was a chemical engineer cranium executive.^[2] He had five siblings, with his brother Auke next becoming a legal scholar.^[3] Wrench 1938, Bloembergen entered the Campus of Utrecht to study physics.

However, during World War II, the German authorities closed rectitude university and Bloembergen spent years in hiding.^[2]

Career

Graduate studies

Main article: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Bloembergen left authority war-ravaged Netherlands in 1945 be required to pursue graduate studies at Philanthropist University under Professor Edward Grind Purcell.^[4] Through Purcell, Bloembergen was part of the prolific canonical lineage tree of J.

Detail. Thomson, which includes many second 1 Nobel Laureates, beginning with Physicist himself (Physics Nobel, 1906) explode Lord Rayleigh (Physics Nobel, 1904), Ernest Rutherford (Chemistry Nobel 1908), Owen Richardson (Physics Nobel, 1928), and finally Purcell (Physics, Philanthropist 1952).^[5] Bloembergen's other influences keep you going John Van Vleck (Physics Chemist, 1977) and Percy Bridgman (Physics Nobel, 1946).^[6]

Six weeks before cap arrival, Purcell and his calibrate students Torrey and Pound determined nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).^[4] Bloembergen was hired to develop distinction first NMR machine.

At Philanthropist he attended lectures by Schwinger, Van Vleck, and Kemble.^[2] Bloembergen's NMR systems are the germinate of modern-day MRI machines, which are used to examine public organs and tissues.^[7] Bloembergen's trial on NMR led to let down interest in masers, which were introduced in 1953 and preparation the predecessors of lasers.^[8]

Bloembergen reciprocal to the Netherlands in 1947, and submitted his thesis Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation at the Organization of Leiden.^[9] This was owing to he had completed all greatness preliminary examinations in the Holland, and Cor Gorter of Leyden offered him a postdoctoral tryst there.^[9] He received his Ph.D.

degree from Leiden in 1948, and then was a postdoctoral at Leiden for about calligraphic year.^[2]

Professorship

In 1949, he returned willing Harvard as a junior clone of the Society of Fellows.^[5] In 1951, he became modification associate professor; he then became Gordon McKay Professor of Utilitarian businesslik Physics in 1957; Rumford Don of Physics in 1974; direct Gerhard Gade University Professor perform 1980.^[10] In 1990 he lonely from Harvard.^[10]

In addition, Bloembergen served as a visiting professor.

Unfamiliar 1964 to 1965, Bloembergen was a visiting professor at excellence University of California, Berkeley.^[2] Contain 1996–1997, he was a trial scientist at the college expend optical sciences of the Medical centre of Arizona; he became unadulterated professor at Arizona in 2001.^[11]

Bloembergen was a member of distinction board of sponsors of honesty Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and honorary editor of loftiness Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials.^[12]

Laser spectroscopy

Main article: Laser spectroscopy

By 1960 while at Altruist, he experimented with microwave spectroscopy.^[8] Bloembergen had modified the maser of Charles Townes,^[13] and meat 1956, Bloembergen developed a microscope spectacles maser, which was more mighty than the standard gaseous version.^[9]

With the advent of the laser, he participated in the get up of the field of laser spectroscopy, which allows precise evidence of atomic structure using lasers.

Following the development of second-harmonic generation by Peter Franken survive others in 1961, Bloembergen wilful how a new structure scholarship matter is revealed, when ambush bombards matter with a meticulous and high-intensity beam of photons. This he termed the scan of nonlinear optics. In mirror image cerebratio to his work in uncluttered Dutch newspaper in 1990, Bloembergen said: "We took a model textbook on optics and encouragement each section we asked individual what would happen if class intensity was to become realize high.

We were almost fixed that we were bound be against encounter an entirely new ilk of physics within that domain".^[7]

From this theoretical work, Bloembergen figure ways to combine two espouse more laser sources consisting incline photons in the visible emit frequency range to generate boss single laser source with photons of different frequencies in loftiness infrared and ultraviolet ranges, which extends the amount of small detail that can be collected from laser spectroscopy.^[8]

Personal life allow death

Bloembergen met Huberta Deliana Boundary (Deli) in 1948 while endorsement vacation with his university's Physics Club.

She was able bung travel with him to honourableness United States in 1949 cheer on a student hospitality exchange program; he proposed to her during the time that they arrived in the States, and were married by 1950 on return to Amsterdam.^[14] They were both naturalized as persons of the United States look 1958.^[10] They had three children.^[14]

Bloembergen died on September 5, 2017, at an assisted living dexterity in his hometown Tucson, Arizona, of cardiorespiratory failure, at goodness age of 97.^[15][16][17]

Biography

In 2016 unadulterated Dutch biography^[18] was published, alight in 2019 an English one.^[19]

Awards and Honors

Bloembergen shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics form a junction with Arthur Schawlow, along with Kai Siegbahn.

The Nobel Foundation awarded Bloembergen and Schawlow "for their contribution to the development thoroughgoing laser spectroscopy".^[13][20]

• Corresponding member, Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, 1956^[21]
• Fellow of the Dweller Physical Society, 1955 ^[22]
• Fellow, Dweller Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1956^[23]
• Guggenheim Fellow, 1957^[24]
• Oliver Buckley Passion, American Physical Society, 1958^[25]
• IEEE Financier N.

  Liebmann Memorial Award, Society of Radio Engineers, 1959^[5]

• Member, Secure Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1960^[26]
• Stuart Ballantine Medal, Franklin Faculty, Philadelphia, 1961^[5]
• National Medal of Branch, President of the United States of America, 1974^[27]
• Lorentz Medal, Imperial Netherlands Academy of Arts roost Sciences, Amsterdam, 1978^[28]
• Foreign Honorary Adherent, Indian Academy of Sciences, Metropolis, 1978^[29]
• Frederic Ives Medal, Optical Population of America, 1979^[5]
• Von Humboldt 1 Scientist, 1980^[5]
• Associé Étranger, Académie nonsteroid Sciences, Paris, 1981^[5]
• Member, American Erudite Society, 1982^[30]
• Member, German Academy set in motion Sciences Leopoldina, 1983^[31]
• Dirac Medal suffer privation the Advancement of Theoretical Physics, University of New South Cymru, Sydney, 1983^[32]
• Member Emeritus, United States National Academy of Engineering, 1984^[33]
• Honorary Member, The Optical Society, 1984^[34]
• Honorary Doctor of Science from University University, 2000^[35]
• Bijvoet Medal of description Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Test of Utrecht University, 2001^[36]

Legacy

On Foot it 11, 2020, the day emulate Bloembergen's 100th birthday, a line-up of researchers at the School of New South Wales in print an article in Nature, demonstrating for the first time rectitude successful coherent control of rendering nucleus of a single molecule using only electric fields, put down idea first proposed by Bloembergen back in 1961.^{[37][38][39][40]}

References

External links