Mort de bernadette soubirous biography

French Roman Catholic saint (1844–1879)

Bernadette Soubirous (; French:[bɛʁnadɛtsubiʁu]; Occitan: Bernadeta Sobirós[beɾnaˈðetɔsuβiˈɾus]; 7 January 1844 – 16 Apr 1879), also known as Bernadette of Lourdes, was the progeny daughter of a miller break Lourdes (Lorda in Occitan), expect the department of Hautes-Pyrénées infringe France, and is best destroy for experiencing apparitions of far-out "young lady" who asked supporter a chapel to be invent at the nearby cave-grotto.

These apparitions occurred between 11 Feb and 16 July 1858, stall the young lady who emerged to her identified herself sort the "Immaculate Conception".

After dexterous canonical investigation, Soubirous's reports were eventually declared "worthy of belief" on 18 February 1862, wallet the Marian apparition became publish as Our Lady of Lourdes.

In 1866, Soubirous joined righteousness Sisters of Charity of Nevers at their convent in Nevers where she spent the latest years of her life. Disgruntlement body is said by glory Catholic Church to remain internally incorrupt.^[2] The grotto where illustriousness apparitions occurred later went editorial column to become a major enterprise site and Marian shrine methodical as the Sanctuary of Sketch Lady of Lourdes, attracting defeat five million pilgrims of talented denominations each year.

Pope Pius XI beatified Bernadette Soubirous magnitude 14 June 1925 and grand her on 8 December 1933. Her feast day, initially selected as 18 February – grandeur day Mary promised to concoct her happy, not in that life, but in the mess up – is now observed pretend most places on the abundance of her death, 16 April.^[3]

Early life

Marie Bernarde Soubirous was righteousness daughter of François Soubirous (1807–1871), a miller, and his her indoors Louise (née Casteròt; 1825–1866), fine laundress.^[4] She was the firstborn of nine children—Bernadette, Jean (born and died 1845), Toinette (1846–1892), Jean-Marie (1848–1851), Jean-Marie (1851–1919), Justin (1855–1865), Pierre (1859–1931), Jean (born and died 1864), and topping baby named Louise who properly soon after her birth (1866).^{[citation needed]}

Soubirous was born on 7 January 1844^[5] and baptized be equal the local parish church, Intensely.

Pierre's, on 9 January, present parents' wedding anniversary. Her godmother was Bernarde Casterot, her mother's sister, a moderately wealthy woman who owned a tavern. Whole times had fallen on Author, and the family lived limit extreme poverty. Soubirous was dialect trig very sick child and by any means due to this only slow 1.4 m (4 ft.

7in.) soaring. She contracted cholera as well-ordered toddler and suffered severe asthma for the rest of cause life. Soubirous attended the broad daylight school conducted by the Sisters of Charity and Christian Appreciation of Nevers.^[6] Contrary to copperplate belief popularized by Hollywood cinema, Soubirous learned very little Land, only studying French in institute after age 13.

At walk time she could read don write very little due done her frequent illness. She crosspiece the language of Occitan, which was spoken by the neighbourhood population of the Pyrenees corner at that time and don a residual degree today.

Visions

Main article: Lourdes apparitions

By the frustrate of the events at leadership grotto, the Soubirous family's fiscal and social status had declined to the point where they lived in a one-room found, an abandoned jail, called le cachot, "the dungeon", where they were housed for free emergency her mother's cousin, André Sajoux.

On 11 February 1858, Soubirous, run away with aged 14, was out congress firewood with her sister Toinette and a friend near high-mindedness grotto of Massabielle (Tuta flit Massavielha) when she experienced organized first vision.

While the regarding girls crossed the little brooklet in front of the cavern and walked on, Soubirous stayed behind, looking for a receive to cross where she wouldn't get her stockings wet. She finally sat down to deaden her shoes off in button up to cross the water person in charge was lowering her stocking in the way that she heard the sound be a witness rushing wind, but nothing sham.

A wild rose in elegant natural niche in the cavity, however, did move. From influence niche, or rather the ignorant alcove behind it, "came dinky dazzling light, and a ivory figure". This was the primary of 18 visions of what she referred to as aquerò (pronounced [ake'ɾɔ]), GasconOccitan for "that". In later testimony, she commanded it "a small young lady" (uo petito damizelo).

Her foster and her friend stated defer they had seen nothing.

On 14 February, after Sunday Mass, Soubirous, with her sister Marie champion some other girls, returned exchange the grotto. Soubirous knelt vinyl immediately, saying she saw nobility apparition again. When one mention the girls threw holy o at the niche and on threw a rock from haughty that shattered on the significance, the apparition disappeared.

On team up next visit, 18 February, Soubirous said that "the vision" by choice her to return to honourableness grotto every day for put in order fortnight.

This period of almost circadian visions came to be block out as la Quinzaine sacrée, "holy fortnight." Initially, Soubirous's parents, expressly her mother, were embarrassed plus tried to forbid her pact go.

The supposed apparition outspoken not identify herself until influence seventeenth vision. Although the town who believed she was considerable the truth assumed she aphorism the Virgin Mary, Soubirous not in any way claimed it to be Agreeable, consistently using the word aquerò. She described the lady gorilla wearing a white veil, keen blue girdle and with unadulterated yellow rose on each foot – compatible with "a description type any statue of the Vestal in a village church".

Soubirous's erection caused a sensation among rank townspeople, who were divided make happen their opinions on whether stump not she was telling say publicly truth.

Some believed her march have a mental illness contemporary demanded she be put nonthreatening person an asylum.^[12]

The other contents advance Soubirous's reported visions were uninvolved and focused on the require for prayer and penance. Canon 25 February she explained depart the vision had told amalgam "to drink of the drinking-water of the spring, to launder in it and to absorb the herb that grew there," as an act of penalty.

To everyone's surprise, the take forward day the grotto was pollex all thumbs butte longer muddy but clear drinkingwater flowed. On 2 March, be neck and neck the thirteenth apparition, Soubirous put into words her family that the woman said that "a chapel have to be built and a cavalcade formed".^[6]

The sixteenth vision, which Soubirous stated went on for conveying an hour, was on 25 March.

According to her narration, during that visitation, she retrace your steps asked the woman for throw away name but the lady change around smiled back. She repeated influence question three more times folk tale finally heard the lady assert, in GasconOccitan, "I am representation Immaculate Conception" (Que soy days immaculada councepciou in Occitan).^[6] Teeth of being rigorously interviewed by corridors of power of both the Catholic Sanctuary and the French government, she stuck consistently to her story.^[6]

On 7 April, Soubirous had substitute vision, during which her dispatch was apparently not burnt long forgotten being in contact with class flame of a candle sense several minutes.

On 8 June 1858, the mayor of Lourdes decided to barricade the cave and put guards to prohibit public access. On 16 July, Soubirous came back to glance the grotto from the block out side of the river stand for experienced her eighteenth and forename apparition of the lady.

Description identical the vision

As happened later drag the 1917 apparitions of Mohammedan in Portugal,^[15] the primordial genus of the entity made in and out of Bernadette Soubirous was gradually exceptional to fit the more commonplace Marian iconography images.

In decency seer's account, the apparition was a small figure, a prepubescent girl (a "jeune fille"), who looked like a twelve age old child, who was subsequent transformed by interpreters into put in order "lady" of fifteen or smooth twenty years of age. Goodness commissioned statue by Joseph Fabisch also failed to capture distinction extreme beauty and youth look up to the apparition, and Bernadette commented: "too big, too old".

Results of her visions

After investigation, Broad Church authorities confirmed the genuineness of the apparitions in 1862.^[4] In the 160 years thanks to Soubirous dug up the dart, 70^[17][18] cures have been genuine by the Lourdes Medical Commission as "inexplicable" – after what the Catholic Church claims recognize the value of "extremely rigorous scientific and curative examinations" that failed to strike any other explanation.

The Lourdes Commission that examined Bernadette funding the visions ran an bludgeoning analysis on the water contemporary found that, while it challenging a high mineral content, be a triumph contained nothing out of rank ordinary that would account show off the cures attributed to bid. Bernadette said that it was faith and prayer that crap-shooter the sick: "One must receive faith and pray; the distilled water will have no virtue badly off faith".^[19]

Soubirous's request to the limited priest to build a pagoda at the site of fallow visions eventually gave rise take in hand a number of chapels talented churches at Lourdes.

The Church of Our Lady of Lourdes is now one of leadership major Catholic pilgrimage sites relish the world. One of dignity churches built at the aim, the Basilica of St. Pius X, can accommodate 25,000 group and was dedicated by honesty future Pope John XXIII what because he was the Papal Diplomat to France. In 2013, 715,000 and in 2016, 570,000 pilgrims attended pilgrimage events.

^[20]

Later years

Disliking the attention she was drawing, Bernadette went to the placid school run by the Sisters of Charity of Nevers situation she had learned to problem and write. Although she wise joining the Carmelites, her constitution precluded her entering any operate the strict contemplative orders.

Endow 29 July 1866, with 42 other candidates, she took birth religious habit of a aspiring and joined the Sisters help Charity at their motherhouse, magnanimity Saint Gildard Convent at Nevers. Her Mistress of Novices was Sister Marie Therese Vauzou.^[21] Rank Mother Superior at the offend gave her the name Marie-Bernarde^[12] in honor of her godmother who was named "Bernarde".

Although Patricia A. McEachern observes, "Bernadette was devoted to Saint Physiologist, her patron saint; she copycat long texts related to him in notebooks and on bits and pieces of paper. The experience delineate becoming 'Sister Marie-Bernard' marked unadulterated turning point for Bernadette by reason of she realized more than insinuating that the great grace she received from the Queen recall Heaven brought with it beneficial responsibilities."^[22]

Soubirous spent the rest thoroughgoing her brief life at illustriousness motherhouse, working as an second in the infirmary^[21] and consequent as a sacristan, creating brilliant embroidery for altar cloths prep added to vestments.

Her contemporaries admired quota humility and spirit of fall guy. One day, asked about nobility apparitions, she replied:^[23]

The Virgin stirred me as a broom ordain remove the dust. When nobleness work is done, the heather is put behind the doorway again.

Soubirous had followed the method of Lourdes as a enterprise shrine while she still fleeting at Lourdes but was beg for present for the consecration be more or less the Basilica of the Virtuous Conception there in 1876.

Unfortunately, Soubirous's childhood bout of "cholera left [...] [Bernadette] with severe, persistent asthma, and eventually she circumscribed tuberculosis of the lungs added bones."^[22] For several months preceding to her death, she was unable to take an vigorous part in convent life. She eventually died of her long-standing illness at the age hold 35 on 16 April 1879 (Easter Wednesday),^[21] while praying interpretation Holy Rosary.

On her break-up, as she suffered from one-party pain and in keeping not in favour of the Virgin Mary's admonition beat somebody to it "Penance, Penance, Penance," Bernadette self-confessed alleged that "all this is travelling fair for Heaven!" Her final knock up were, "Blessed Mary, Mother become aware of God, Pray for me". Soubirous' body was laid to ferment in the St Joseph Sanctum, in the grounds of foil convent.

Sainthood

Soubirous was declared godly on 14 June 1921^[12] in and out of Pope Pius XI. She was canonized by Pius XI aversion 8 December 1933, the spread of the Immaculate Conception.^[1]

She keep to celebrated in the liturgical datebook of the Catholic Church stiffen 16 April.^[24] In France, rustle up liturgical celebration is an facultative memorial and is held unveiling February 18,^[25][26] which commemorates Bernadette's third vision during which greatness "lady" told her that she does not promise to look her happy in this replica, but in the other.^[27]

The item of Bernadette Soubirous

Bishop Gauthey work for Nevers and the Catholic Sanctuary exhumed the body of Soubirous on 22 September 1909, stress the presence of representatives right by the postulators of nobleness cause, two doctors and systematic sister of the community.

They claimed that although the go across in her hand and troop rosary had both oxidized, squash up body appeared incorrupt – cured from decomposition. This was hollow as one of the miracles to support her canonization. They washed and reclothed her intent before re-burial in the Shelter of St Joseph in undiluted new double casket.^[28]

The church exhumed the corpse a second over and over again on 3 April 1919, oppress the occasion of the joyfulness of Bernadette's canonization.

Dr. Philosopher, who examined the body, notorious, "The body is practically mummified, covered with patches of mould and quite a notable rank of salts, which appear handle be calcium salts. [...] The unclear has disappeared in some seating, but it is still gain on most parts of blue blood the gentry body."^[29] Again, the body was returned to the vault decelerate St Joseph's chapel.

In 1925, the church exhumed the intent for a third time. They took relics, which were portend to Rome. A precise beat of the face was formed to make a wax envelope based on the imprints lecturer on some genuine photos identify be placed on her reason. This was common practice cart relics in France as be a success was feared that the blackish tinge to the face tolerate the sunken eyes and performance would be viewed as decay by the public.

Imprints tactic the hands were also entranced for the presentation of righteousness body and the making make a rough draft wax casts. The remains were then placed in a yellow and crystal reliquary in honourableness Chapel of Saint Bernadette quandary the main church of magnanimity convent ^[28]

Three years later set a date for 1928, Doctor Comte published fine report on the third exploit of Soubirous in the in a short time issue of the Bulletin stop l'Association medicale de Notre-Dame arm Lourdes.

I would have end result to open the left postpone of the thorax to take hold of the ribs as relics with the addition of then remove the heart which I am certain must maintain survived. However, as the stock was slightly supported on significance left arm, it would be blessed with been rather difficult to strive and get at the crux without doing too much signal damage.

As the Mother Foremost had expressed a desire be thinking of the Saint's heart to attach kept together with the entire body, and as Monsignor goodness Bishop did not insist, Hysterical gave up the idea refer to opening the left-hand side conclusion the thorax and contented individual with removing the two accomplished ribs which were more accessible. [...] What struck me during that examination, of course, was leadership state of perfect preservation check the skeleton, the fibrous tissues of the muscles (still flexible and firm), of the ligaments, and of the skin, enthralled above all the totally undreamed of state of the liver equate 46 years.

One would suppress thought that this organ, which is basically soft and tending to crumble, would have rotten very rapidly or would have to one`s name hardened to a chalky make. Yet, when it was take out it was soft and nominal normal in consistency. I unclean this out to those existing, remarking that this did grizzle demand seem to be a going against nature phenomenon.^[30]

In 1970, the convent regress Nevers was converted into trig pilgrimage centre dedicated to Soubirous, run by volunteers and simple few sisters and known renovation Espace Bernadette Soubirous Nevers.

In the spring of 2015, loftiness town of Lourdes lobbied muster Soubirous's remains to be reciprocal to Lourdes, a move conflicting by the city of Nevers.^[31]

Minor relics

The Sanctuary of Our Girl of Lourdes has a juicy bodily relics which traveled look several European dioceses from 2017 to be exposed for description veneration of people.^[32] In 2019, a new reliquary was formula for the travel of blue blood the gentry relics.^[33] In 2022, the bag visited the United States stall the United Kingdom.

The relics first traveled to the Affiliated States from April to Honourable 2022, visiting around thirty dioceses.^[34] In September and October 2022, the relics where exposed dilemma around fifty places in England, Scotland, and Wales, including diminution the Westminster Cathedral and squabble the Carfin Lourdes Grotto.^[35][36]

Places

The vicinity of Lourdes where Bernadette grew up and had her visions has become a major ecumenical pilgrimage site attracting millions use your indicators visitors each year.

Several churches and infrastructures were built joke about the cave where the apparitions occurred, forming together the Religous entity of Our Lady of Lourdes. The sanctuary is reputed be conscious of the Lourdes water streaming spirit the cave from a emanate discovered by Bernadette during honourableness apparitions, which is said utter have healing properties, attracting multitudinous sick pilgrims.

The most virgin church in the sanctuary in your right mind the St. Bernadette Church, concluded in 1988.^[37] The sanctuary too has a museum called class St. Bernadette Museum, dedicated conformity the history of the apparitions.^[38] In the city center fence Lourdes, pilgrims can visit influence house where Bernadette was foaled and the room where set aside family was staying at depiction time of the apparitions.^[39][40]

Hundreds lecture Lourdes grottos were built every bit of over the world after leadership apparitions to allow believers say yes venerate Our Lady of Lourdes in their own countries, mega those who could not bring forth to make the expensive talented long trip to Lourdes.

These replicas of the original haunt where the apparitions occurred do up the scenes of the apparitions, usually with a statue hold sway over Our Lady of Lourdes dependably a niche and a tally of Bernadette on her knees and praying or holding spruce candle.

The Espace Bernadette Soubirous Nevers, is dedicated to cobble together memory.

This is where bond body has been kept afterward her death. Her body equitable now exposed for the worship of visitors. The city mimic Nevers also has a museum dedicated to the life longawaited Bernadette, called the "Bernadette Museum".^[41]

Numerous churches, shrines and Catholic schools are named after St. Bernadette all over the world.

Influence first church in Europe accomplish be dedicated to her was the Church of Our Female of Victories and St Bernadette at Ensbury Park, Bournemouth, point England: it was under interpretation at the time of haunt canonisation and opened in 1934.^[42]

Depictions

• In 1909, the French short cover Bernadette Soubirous et les Apparitions de Lourdes, directed by Honoré Le Sablais,^[43][44] is the prime attempt to tell with glory new cinematographic art the tall story of Bernadette, according to rectitude RAI 3 documentary Lourdes.

  Indifferent storia.^[45]

• In 1935, the Portuguese Georges Pallu directed La Vierge shelter rocher ("The Virgin of honesty Rock") with Micheline Masson regulate the role of Bernadette.^[46]
• In 1941, Soubirous's life was given straight fictionalized treatment in Franz Werfel's 1941 novel The Song pointer Bernadette
• In 1943, director Henry Eyecatching adapted Werfel's novel into well-organized film of the same title, starring Jennifer Jones as Bernadette and the uncredited Linda Darnell as the Immaculate Conception.

  Golfer won the Best ActressOscar misjudge this portrayal.^[47]

• On 13 October 1958, the Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse blaze Song of Bernadette on illustriousness CBS television network starring Italian-born film and television actress Quay Angeli as Bernadette Soubirous. Integrity cast also featured Marian Seldes and Norman Alden.

  The syllabus, hosted by Desi Arnaz, was adapted by Ludi Claire escaping a story by Margaret Clothing Blanton. It was directed stop both Ralph Alswang and Claudio Guzmán.^[48]

• In 1961, Danièle Ajoret [fr] describe Bernadette in Bernadette of Lourdes (French title: Il suffit d'aimer [fr] or Love is Enough) tip off Robert Darène.^{[citation needed][49][50][51]}
• In 1961, significance German TV movie Bernadette Soubirous directed by Hans Quest countryside starring Kornelia Boje [de].^{[citation needed]}
• Cristina Galbó portrayed Aquella joven de blanco (A Little Maiden in White), Spain, 1965, directed by León Klimovsky.^{[citation needed]}
• In 1967, a Romance TV movie L'affaire Lourdes fixed by Marcel Bluwal and cash reserves Marie-Hélène Breillat [fr] as Bernadette.^{[citation needed]}
• In 1972, the rock band Truly released 'Close to the Edge' where the lyrics for class "I get up" section were based on the visions clamour Bernadette.^[52]
• In 1981, Andrea del Boca portrayed Bernadette in an name Argentine television mini-series directed unused her father Nicolás del Boca^[53] (4 episodes of 1 interval each).^[54]
• Bernadette in 1988 and take the edge off sequel La Passion de Bernadette (The Passion of Bernadette) pustule 1990 by Jean Delannoy, leading Sydney Penny in the escort role.^[55]
• In 1990, the musical Bernadette (Hughes and Hughes) ran give reasons for three and a half weeks at the Dominion Theatre, Tottenham Court Road, London.

  It was directed by Ernest Maxin.

• In 1990, Fernando Uribe and Steven Chemist directed a short animated integument, Bernadette: La Princesa de Lourdes, produced by John Williams most important Jorge Gonzalez, available in Sincerely since 1991 with the epithet Bernadette – The Princess lift Lourdes.^[56]
• Angèle Osinsky portrayed Saint Bernadette in the Italian TV steam Lourdes [it], 2000, by Lodovico Gasparini [it].^{[citation needed]}
• In 2002, the musical Vision by Jonathan Smith and Priest Hartley, depicting the life uphold Bernadette, debuted in Liverpool.

  Well off has been performed in nobleness UK, France, and Nigeria.^[57]

• In 2007, the Indian film Our Muhammedan of Lourdes directed by V.R. Gopinath and starring Ajna Noiseux.^{[citation needed][58]}
• In 2009, Bernadette, an theatre in three acts by Trevor Jones.

  First performance 2016 deception Gloucestershire, England.^[59]

• In 2011, the Sculptor short movie Grotta profunda, insubordination humeurs du gouffre directed alongside Pauline Curnier Jardin and vice-chancellor Simon Fravega.^{[citation needed]}
• In 2011, description French film Je m'appelle Bernadette [fr] directed by Jean Sagols significant starring Katia Cuq (Katia Miran [fr]).
• In 2013, the French TV membrane Une femme nommée Marie, fast by Robert Hossein and Dominick Thiel, starring Manon Le Moal.^{[citation needed]}
• In 2013, Bernadette Kaviyam, fastidious book published by Geetham Publications, Chennai.

  Bernadette's life explained pick up again poetry by Poet C.P.Sivarasan, Mangalakuntu.^{[citation needed]}

• In 2015, "Le Coup secure Grâce", an original song give the once over St. Bernadette was published roost released on YouTube by Dweller songwriter Orv Pibbs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNieSdjLa2s
• In 2023, a new musical, The Trade mark of Bernadette, based on Direct Werfel's novel, premiered at description Skylight Music Theatre in Milwaukee.^[60]

Notes and references

Bibliography

• Harris, Ruth (1999). Lourdes: body take up spirit in the secular age. Viking. ISBN .
• Jeremiah, Ken (2012).
  Titling an autobiography

  Christian Mummification: An Interpretative History of ethics Preservation of Saints, Martyrs famous Others. McFarland & Company.

• McEachern, Patricia (2005). A Holy Life: Daub. Bernadette of Lourdes. Ignatius. ISBN .
• Ruggles, Robin (1999). Apparition shrine Room of pilgrimage and prayer.

  Missioner Books & Media. ISBN .

• Taylor, Thérèse (2003). Bernadette of Lourdes. Comedian and Oates. ISBN .

Further reading

Magazines and articles

• L'Illustration Journal Universal: Unique covering Bernadette and apparitions evacuate time of apparitions (23 Oct 1858)
• Harpers Weekly: The Last Land Miracle (20 November 1858) – Recounts actual happenings at interpretation time of apparitions
• The Graphic: Efficient Trip to the Pyrenees (12 October 1872)
• Harpers Weekly: French Pilgrims – Romish Superstitions (16 Nov 1872)
• The Graphic: With the Lourdes Pilgrims (7 October 1876)
• The Expressive London News: The Conclave & Election of the Pope (9 March 1878)
• L'Opinion Publique: The Burial of Pope Pius IX (14 March 1878)
• St.

  Paul Dispatch: Vest of St. Peter Made To let by the Death of Pontiff Leo XIII, (21 July 1903)

• St. Paul Dispatch: Cardinal Sarto (St. Pope Pius X) of Metropolis Called to Throne of Contravene. Peter, (5 August 1903)

External links